Class 10 CBSE | Computer Science | Networking | Unit 1

Pratap Sanjay sir

Unit 1: Networking in topics From Notification of Examination 2024:-

Internet

World Wide Web
Web Servers
Web Clients
Web Sites
Web Pages
Web Browsers
Blogs
News Groups
HTML
Web Address
E-mail Address
Downloading and Uploading Files from a Remote Site

Internet Protocols

TCP/IP
SMTP
POP3
HTTP
HTTPS
Remote Login and File Transfer Protocols:

SSH
SFTP
FTP
SCP
TELNET

Services Available on the Internet

Information Retrieval
Locating Sites Using Search Engines
Finding People on the Net

Web Services

Chat
Email
Video Conferencing
e-Learning
e-Banking
e-Shopping
e-Reservation
e-Governance
e-Groups
Social Networking

Mobile Technologies

Unit 1: Networking

A Computer Network is a system where two or more computers or their associated devices are interconnected using either wired or wireless communication mediums.

Figure no. 1: Wired Network (all the devices are connected through cable/wire)

Fig no-2: Wireless Network (all the devices are connected through Radio Waves)

The main objective of Computer Network is to share data/information from one device to another.

Network Devices

The network devices are devices that help to communicate between computer devices. The most popular network devices are Network Cables, Switch, Router, Bridge or Hub, etc.

Network Types

The basic types of network types are as follows: -

LAN (Local Area Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network)
PAN (Personal Area Network)

LAN

A LAN (Local Area Network) is a network that connects computers and devices within a limited geographical area, like a home, office, or campus.
It enables easy sharing of resources and information among the devices of a specific organization in a small area.

Fig no-3:Local Area Network (LAN)

MAN

A MAN stands for "Metropolitan Area Network." MAN connects multiple LANs nearby with high speeds.

Fig no-4: Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

WAN

WAN (Wide Area Network) stands for "Wide Area Network." It connects multiple LANs and MANs. This is a network that connects networks on large geographic distances. It is also known as a network of networks. The Internet is an example of WAN.

Fig no-5: Wide Area Network (WAN)

PAN

A PAN stands for "personal area network." It is a network that is fully dedicated to a person within a single building.

Internet

Introduction to the Internet

The Internet is the world's most influential platform for information and communication.
In the digital age, it has become the primary working tool for organizations, offices, and institutions.
This growth is driven by continuous technological advancements, resulting in faster and more efficient internet connectivity.

Views:

Definition

The Internet is a vast network, often known as the global computer network.
It serves as the backbone for various information and communication services.
The Internet comprises interconnected networks that operate based on structured protocols.

Internet – advantages and disadvantages

Advantages and disadvantages of the Internet can be listed below.

Advantages

It is a global network.
Data/information can be shared instantly.
It is a rich source of information.
The Internet is a modern technology which gives awareness to the people.
The best medium of communication.
Rich source of entertainment.
It helped to grow the online education system, medical services, online market, research, etc.

Disadvantages

There is a lot of misuse of technology.
The longest use of the internet and computer system creates negative impacts on people's health.
Privacy Expose.
A lot of fraud.
Rich source of viruses.
Online threatening/ harassment.

World Wide Web (WWW)

The WWW is a global network of information accessible via the internet. It allows users to access and share multimedia documents through web browsers.

Global network accessible via the internet.
Allows access and sharing of multimedia documents.
Accessed through web browsers.
Proposed between 1989-1991 by "Tim Berners-Lee".

Web Servers

Web Servers are powerful computers that store web pages and deliver them to users' web browsers upon request.

Powerful computers storing web pages.
Deliver web pages to users' browsers upon request.

Web Clients

Web clients are software applications (usually web browsers) that request and display web pages from web servers.

Software applications (e.g., web browsers).
Request and display web pages from servers.

Web Sites

A collection of web pages grouped under a common domain name. Websites can contain various types of content, including text, images, videos, and interactive elements.

Collection of web pages under a common domain.
Contains various content types.

Web Pages

Individual documents on the internet that can contain text, images, hyperlinks, and multimedia elements. They are accessed and displayed through web browsers.

Individual web documents with text, images, links.
Accessed through web browsers.

Web Browsers

Software applications (such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari) that allow users to access and view information on the internet. Browsers interpret HTML code to display web pages.

Applications like Chrome, Firefox.
Enable access and viewing of web content.

The most popular web browsers are – Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, etc.

Blogs

Online platforms where individuals or groups share regular updates, opinions, and information on specific topics. Blogs often allow reader comments and discussions.

Online platforms for sharing updates and opinions.
May allow reader comments.

Blogger

A person who posts a blog in the form of text, audio, video, weblinks, etc is known as a blogger. Bloggers have followers who follow them to get instant messages post by the blogger.

In most cases, celebrities, business tycoons, famous politicians, social workers, speakers, etc are the successful bloggers because people follow them to know about their success stories and ideas.

The most popular blog sites are -

News Groups

Online discussion forums where users can post and read messages on various topics. Participants can discuss and exchange information in specific categories.

Online discussion forums.
Users post and read messages on various topics.

HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

The standard markup language used to create web pages. It defines the structure and layout of web content, including text, images, and links.

Standard markup language for web page creation.
Defines content structure and layout.

Hypertext – refers to the hyperlinks to facilitate the HTML page. Through hyperlinks, web developers link or interconnect multiple sources on WebPages. Once, the user clicks on a hyperlink, they can switch or read another web document using a web browser.

Markup – markup refers to HTML tags which are used to define the web page layout and its elements within the page.

HTML tags – Tags include instructions about the web page to the web browsers with guidelines, like where to view text, images, and how to organize the document.

Tags are always placed in < > angle brackets and closed with </ >. Some HTML tags have properties that do not require closing with </ >.

Common HTML tags – the most common HTML tags used to define a web page are as follows:

HTML Tag	Meaning
<!doctype html>	Refers to what type of contents the document contains.
<html>	Indicates the start of an HTML document.
<head>	Refers to header information.
<title>	Tells about the title of your document.
<body>	Contains the text that will be displayed on the webpage.
<p>	Refers to a paragraph.

Web Address (URL)

Also known as a URL (Uniform Resource Locator), it is the unique address used to access a specific resource on the internet. It consists of the protocol (e.g., http://), domain name, and path to the resource.

Unique address for accessing internet resources.
Comprises protocol, domain name, and resource path.

For example – http://www.ira.edu.in

E-mail Address

A unique identifier for an email recipient. It consists of a user name, the "@" symbol, and the domain name of the email service provider.

Unique identifier for email recipients.
Comprises user name and domain.

For example - john.doe@gmail.com

For example - academex10th@gmail.com

Advantages of email

Fast communication – it allows for instant delivery and receipt of messages.
Efficient and cost-effective – no need for postage, paper, or envelopes.
Ability to send attachments – you can send documents, images, and other files along with your message.
Global reach – you can send emails to anyone around the world with an internet connection.

Disadvantages of email

Spam – unwanted and unsolicited emails can clog up your inbox.
Security concerns – email can be vulnerable to hacking and other security breaches.
Overload – managing a large volume of emails can be time-consuming and overwhelming.
Lack of personal touch – email lacks the personal touch of face-to-face or voice communication.

Downloading and Uploading Files from a Remote Site

Downloading involves saving files from a remote server to a local device, while uploading involves transferring files from a local device to a remote server, both actions commonly performed on the internet for sharing and accessing data.

Downloading saves files from a server to a local device.
Uploading transfers files from local to remote server.
Common actions for sharing and accessing data on the internet.

ISP (Internet Service Provider)

Provides internet access to customers.
Offers various types of internet connections.
Connects users to the internet and offers additional services.

Search Engine

Web-based tool for finding information online.
Users input keywords, and it returns relevant web pages.
Popular search engines include Google, Bing, and Yahoo.

Website Creation

Process involving planning, design, coding, content creation, testing, optimization, and publishing.
Establishes an online presence for sharing information.

Website Hosting

Service storing and managing website files and content.
Various hosting types (shared, VPS, dedicated, cloud) available.
Hosting providers offer infrastructure and maintenance.

Conclusion

Components of the web shape how we access and interact online. Understanding these components is essential for web development and navigation.

Internet Protocols

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

The fundamental suite of protocols for internet communication.
Manages data transmission and ensures reliable, error-free delivery.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

Used for sending email messages between servers.
Facilitates the exchange of electronic mail.

POP3 (Post Office Protocol, version 3)

Retrieves email from a remote server to a local device.
Commonly used for managing email accounts.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

The foundation of data communication on the World Wide Web.
Used for retrieving web pages and content from web servers.

HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)

A secure version of HTTP that encrypts data for secure web communication.
Ensures the confidentiality and integrity of data transfers.

Remote Login and File Transfer Protocols:

SSH (Secure Shell)

Provides secure access to remote systems over an encrypted connection.
Commonly used for remote login and executing commands.

SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol)

An extension of SSH, used for secure file transfers.
Ensures data integrity during file exchange.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

Used for transferring files between a client and a server.
Allows users to upload and download files.

SCP (Secure Copy Protocol)

Secure method for copying files between local and remote hosts.
Utilizes SSH for encryption and authentication.

TELNET (Telecommunication Network)

Enables remote terminal access to networked devices.
Provides text-based communication over a network.

Services Available on the Internet

Information Retrieval:

The internet serves as a vast repository of information.
Users can access a wealth of knowledge on diverse topics.
Search engines play a pivotal role in retrieving relevant information.

Locating Sites Using Search Engines:

Search engines like Google, Bing, and Yahoo provide a gateway to the web.
Users input keywords or queries to find specific websites or content.
Search results are ranked by relevance, making navigation efficient.

Finding People on the Net:

Social media platforms and online directories enable users to find individuals.
Users can connect with friends, family, or professionals.
Networking services have become integral for personal and business interactions.

Web Services:

Chat:

Real-time communication with text, audio, or video.
Popular for personal and business messaging.
Applications like WhatsApp, Slack, and Facebook Messenger.

Email:

Electronic mail for sending messages, documents, and files.
Essential for professional and personal communication.
Gmail, Outlook, and Yahoo Mail are common email services.

Video Conferencing:

Virtual meetings with video and audio communication.
Used for remote work, education, and social interactions.
Platforms like Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Skype.

e-Learning:

Online education and courses.
Enables remote learning and skill development.
Platforms like Coursera, edX, and Khan Academy.

e-Banking:

Online banking services for transactions, payments, and account management.
Ensures convenient and secure financial operations.
Offered by banks and financial institutions.

eShopping:

Online shopping for goods and services.
Provides a wide range of products for purchase.
Platforms like Amazon, eBay, and Shopify.

e-Reservation:

Booking services for travel, accommodations, and appointments.
Streamlines reservations and scheduling.
Used in the travel and hospitality industry.

e-Governance:

Digital government services and information.
Enhances citizen-government interactions and transparency.
E-government websites and portals.

e-Groups:

Online communities and discussion forums.
Facilitates group communication and collaboration.
Platforms like Reddit, Facebook Groups, and forums.

Social Networking:

Online platforms for connecting with friends and peers.
Share updates, photos, and stay in touch.
Examples include Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.

Mobile Technologies

SMS (Short Message Service):

Introduced in the early 1990s.
Allows the exchange of text messages between mobile devices.
Limited to 160 characters per message.

MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service):

Introduced in the early 2000s.
Enables the exchange of multimedia content, including images, videos, and audio.
Expanded messaging capabilities beyond text.

3G (Third Generation):

First launched in the early 2000s.
Introduced high-speed data transmission for mobile networks.
Enabled video calling, mobile internet access, and improved data services.

4G (Fourth Generation):

Initial deployments began around 2009.
Significantly faster data speeds compared to 3G.
Enabled seamless video streaming, online gaming, and advanced mobile apps.

5G (Fifth Generation):

Commercial deployments started in the mid-2010s.
Offers ultra-fast data speeds, low latency, and massive device connectivity.
Facilitates advancements in IoT, augmented reality, and autonomous vehicles.

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Class - 10th

Unit -01: Networking || Class 10th CBSE Computer Science || By Pratap Sanjay Sir